All five sub-actions and one extra covered by A1 have been concluded. 

1. Domestic heating systems: concluded on time. This activity followed and  complemented a previous measurement campaign carried out one year before,  organised by the Municipality of Milan. Main aspects and findings:
   • In the context of the two measurement campaigns, more than 100 valid  measurements were carried out involving different heating fuels and systems  (originally planned number of valid measurements was 50, thus it represents an  added value).  
   • The milestone for the conclusion of the domestic heating systems measurements  was respected, and the D1.2 Deliverable has been transmitted on time on  31/10/2022. 
   • The planned output (i.e. NOx and primary PM emission factors from different  domestic heating systems) has been achieved and enriched with gaseous TOC  and NO2 measurements. 
   • This sub-activity concluded that the reference consolidated bibliography is not  able to describe some recent combustion technologies, such as natural gas  condensing boilers that are characterised by significantly lower NOx emissions  than the conventional ones. 
2. Other emission sources – wood ovens: concluded on time. Emission measurements have  been carried out in “real use” conditions (cooking pizzas). Main aspects and findings:
   • A link with a national project (called PROFILE – PaRticOlato da FornI a LEgna  funded by the Chamber of Commerce and the Italian Ministry of the  Environment) was created. 
   • As originally planned, the measurements were mainly focussed on particulate  emissions, but (as another added value) also Total Organic Carbon were  measured. Thus, the obtained results are more than expected. 
   • The milestone for the conclusion of the wood oven measurements was  respected, and the D1.3 Deliverable has been transmitted with a small delay  (less than one month, within 30/11/2022) due to the unexpected difficulties in  explaining some outcomes. The small delay didn’t influence the following  activities of the other Actions.  
3. Road dust resuspension: all measurement campaigns were concluded on time both in  Milan and Barcelona. More in detail: 
   • More activities than planned were carried out. In particular, four different  methods (instead of the planned three) were used for estimating the uncertainty  of the resuspension emission factors, with 11 vertical profile measurements  (instead of 2 expected), 19 street porosity valid measurements (instead of 10 expected), 1 NOx dilution measurement and 8 road dust loading measurements  (originally not planned) were carried out. 
   • As another added value for the project, the local municipal company of Milan  that has in charge the ordinary street cleaning has been involved (with no charge  to the project) with the goal to evaluate the influence of the street cleaning  activities on the resuspension emission factor uncertainty.  
   • A link with the CARES – City Air Remote Emission Sensing – European Project  (Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme – Grant Agreement No.  814966) was created to enrich the scientific basis of REMY about the  resuspension phenomena. 
   • Even if the milestone for the conclusion of the resuspension measurement  campaigns was respected, the D1.1 Deliverable has been transmitted late (eight months of delay by 31/07/2023) because the number of measurements, really  higher compared to the planned one, took longer time for the laboratory  analysis. Moreover, the experimental activities started with an initial delay due  to the difficulties in obtaining the permissions for the installation of the devices  in Milan. In any case, the delay in the Deliverable transmission didn’t influence  the following activities of the other Actions.  
4. Domestic waste combustion: concluded on time except drone flights. More in detail:
   • The analysis of the available scientific literature and of the results of the  European Parliament Pilot Project WASTE, with the support of VITO (TA  subcontractor), was done on time.  
   • The activity data and emission factor of domestic solid fuel burning were also  used in Action A3 through receptor modelling in Krakow (Malopolska) and  Raciboz (remote site in the industrial Silesia region).  
   • The land-base monitoring activities, involving National Associations and local  citizen’s Associations, were performed on time to report the number of open  burning events observed in three peri-urban areas of Milan characterised by  different urban environments (construction sites, urban park and vegetable  gardens, agricultural areas). 
   • The Local Police of Milan was involved in piloting a drone equipped with an  infrared thermal camera over some test areas successfully recognizing test fires.  The flights started in delay due to the unavailability of the thermal camera  sensors (not in charge of the REMY project). The tests in using pilotless drones  for the detection of open burning phenomena were concluded successfully. 
   • A new type of drone was tested. Thanks to a patented solar power technology,  this drone has an autonomy of several hours and thus is able to map large areas  finding automatically open-air fires. Due to the success of the activity, the City  of Milan decided to acquire this type of drone for ordinary monitoring activities. 
   • Due to the initial difficulties in involving the drones of the Local Police of Milan  and the not foreseen tests with the solar power drone, the milestone for the  conclusion of drone flights activities was shifted to 30/06/2023 (10 months  delay), and the D1.5 Deliverable was transmitted with a delay of 5 months by  30/06/2023. These delays didn’t influence the following activities of the other  Actions. 
5. Other emission sources – NMVOC emissions and speciation: concluded in delay.
   • The analysis of the scientific bibliography regarding the role of NMVOC – non methane volatile organic compounds – as precursors to the Secondary Organic  Aerosols (SOA) was concluded on time, thus the following activities of the  other Actions continued as foreseen.
   • From the experimental point of view, the original plan was necessarily changed  because the direct speciation of NMVOC emissions released to painting and  solvent products was not feasible, having the goal to obtain representative  information for this type of emission, due to the very huge number of products  available. Thus, according to the aim of action A4, a measurement campaign  was conducted by installing 5 canister samplers (i.e. air samplers capable of  filling an initially evacuated canister by action of the flow-controlled pump) in  different areas of Milan. It was the unique solution able to combine the goals of  the campaign, the logistic constraints and the time scheduling. The canisters collected atmospheric air for 7 days (differentiating working days and  weekdays), and the samples were characterised in the laboratory (UNI EN ISO  16017) to measure the concentration of some NMVOC species that the  bibliography (see above) indicated as more interesting for the REMY goals. 
   • as a consequence of the encountered difficulties for the experimental activities,  the milestone for the NMVOC speciation was shifted to 31/07/2023 (ten months of delay), and the D1.4 Deliverable has been transmitted with a delay of nine months (31/07/2023). 
6. Other emission sources – cooking activities: new activity, originally not planned. The  conclusion of the sub-activity “wood ovens” suggested to more investigate the  particulate and gaseous emissions from cooking activities. In fact, according to the  obtained results of the “wood ovens” activities and the few available scientific  bibliography (mainly American and Asian), the particulate and gaseous emissions from  some techniques of cooking preparation (i.e. grilled, fried…) could be an important aspect to take into account, according to the goals of the REMY project. 
   • An experimental activity was conducted to estimate the emission factor of TOC  and TPS through different cooking methods like frying, grilling and stewing of  different foods. The activities were carried out in an accredited laboratory using  the same techniques adopted for the wood ovens in order to have comparable  results. 
   • Moreover, thanks to the Research Council for Agriculture and Environment of  the Italian Ministry for Agricultural and Food, food habits regarding food  consumption and cooking methods in Northern Italy were retrieved, and the  corresponding annual emissions were estimated. 
   • The experimental activities and the final Deliverable were concluded before the  end of the REMY project. It represents a totally added value compared to the  planned results.